ECONOMIC BOTANY & PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES (SYLLABUS FOR ICAR’S JRF/SRF(PGS) )

SYLLABUS FOR THE ALL INDIA COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR ADMISSION TO DOCTORAL DEGREE PROGRAMMES AND THE AWARD OF

JRF/SRF (PGS)


3. ECONOMIC BOTANY & PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES

Unit 1: Biodiversity and Plant Genetic Resources

Biodiversity- an overview, genetic, species and ecosystem diversity, determinants of biodiversity ,

species richness and endemism, agriculture as friend and foe of biodiversity, harmonizing biodiversity,

conservation and agricultural development, origin and history of agriculture; dynamics of domestication;

centers of crop plant origin and diversity; geographical distribution of crops of Indian origin, plant

genetic resources management importance and usefulness of germplasm, germplasm conservation,

threat of genetic vulnerability, global concerns) in situ conservation of genetic resources, collecting

genetic resources and managing genetic resources, biotechnology and germplasm conservation.

Unit 2: Exploration and Germplasm Collecting

History and importance of germplasm exploration; distribution and extent of prevalent genetic diversity;

phyto-geographical regions/ecological zones and associated diversity; mapping ecogeographic

distribution of diversity, threatened habitats, use of flora. Concept of population and gene pool,

variations in population and their classification, gene frequencies in populations, rare and common

alleles, gene pool sampling in self- and cross-pollinated and vegetatively propagated species,

non-selective, random and selective sampling strategies. Strategies and logistics of plant exploration

and collection, coarse and fine grid surveys, practical problems in plant exploration, use of in vitro

methods in germplasm collection. Ethnobotanical aspects of PGR, crop botany, farming systems,

collecting wild relatives of crop plants. Post-exploration handling of germplasm collections, collection

and preservation of specimens, importance and use of herbaria and preparation of herbarium

specimens. Present status and future strategies in collecting of major crops of Indian origin such as

rice, maize, sorghum, sesame, brassica, okra, eggplant, cotton, mango, etc.

Unit 3: Germplasm Exchange and Plant Quarantine

History, principles, objectives and importance of plant introduction; Prerequisites, conventions, national

and international legislations and policies on germplasm collection and exchange.Plant quarantine-

introduction, history, principles, objectives and relevance; Regulations and plant quarantine set up in

India; Pest risk analysis, pest and pathogen information database; Quarantine in relation to integrated

pest management; Economic significance of seed-borne pests (insects, mites, non-insect pests,

nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasma etc.). Detection and identification of pests including

use of recent techniques like ELISA, PCR etc., Symptoms of pest damage, salvaging techniques for

infested/infected germplasm, post-entry quarantine operation, seed treatment and other prophylactic

treatments and facilities. Domestic quarantine; seed certification; International linkages in plant

quarantine; weaknesses and future thrust. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or genetically

engineered plants (GEPS), Concepts of biosafety, risk analysis and consequences of spread of GE

crops on the environment; Treaties and multilateral agreements governing trans-boundary movement

of GEPs or GMOs, Indian regulatory system for biosafety.

Unit 4: Principles and Methods of Germplasm Conservation

In situ and ex situ conservation: concept of biosphere reserves, gene sanctuaries, on-farm conservation,

field genebanks, botanical gardens, herbal gardens, in vitro repositories cryo-banks and DNA banks,

Short-, medium- and long-term conservation, concept of base, active and working collections, seed

structure and function, physiological and genetic changes during storage, theories of aging, viability

equations, predicting storage life of seeds, dormancy and germination. Genebank management:

acquisition, accessioning and processing of germplasm samples for storage, genebank standards for

various crops, ISTA, AOSA, IPGRI guidelines, monitoring and regeneration of plant germplasm. Design

of storage facilities, maintenance and operation of storage modules. Information management in

genebanks, strategies for revival and rescue of rare genetic material.

Unit 5: Principles and Practices of Germplasm Regeneration and Evaluation

Principles and practices of germplasm regeneration and maintenance, breeding systems and mode of

reproduction; maintaining sufficiently large populations for effective conservation of farmer landraces.

Germplasm characterization/evaluation procedures; evaluation of germplasm for specific traits; key

issues for the improvement of characterization, evaluation and use of plant genetic resources; concept

of core collection. Measuring diversity using agro-morphological data; gene markers and their use in

PGR management. Evaluation and maintenance of wild relatives of crop plants, genetic

enhancement/pre-breeding and use of alien/unadapted genetic resources in crop improvement.

Unit 6: Biotechnology in Plant Genetic Resource Management

History and importance of Tissue culture, Tissue culture media, Sterilization techniques, In vitro clonal

multiplication, Somatic embryogenesis, Meristem culture and virus elimination, In vitro conservation -

Introduction and principle, Strategies for in vitro short- and medium-term conservation, In vitro collection

, in vitro exchange of germplasm.Plant Cryopreservation-Introduction, Principle of cryotolerance,

Techniques of cryopreservation: slow cooling, desiccation, pre-growth, encapsulation-dehydration,

vitrification, droplet freezing, Cryoprotectants, Cryopreservation of seeds and pollen, Cryopreservation

of in vitro cultures, Application of in vitro cryopreservation techniques, Management of in vitro and

cryobanks, Genetic stability of in vitro conserved and cryopreserved germplasm, Importance of

database for in vitro and cryopreserved germplasm.

Unit 7: Economic Botany

Origin, evolution, botany, cultivation, genetic resource activities and utilization of genetic diversity of

important crops of cereals, millets, legumes, forage and fodder crops, medicinal and aromatic plants,

beverages, oil yielding plants, spices and condiments, wood and timber yielding taxa, fumigatory and

masticatory plants, vegetable crops, sugar, starch and cellulose yielding plants, rubber yielding plants, insecticidal and herbicidal plants, fruits and nuts, flowering agents, gums and resins, fiber yielding plants, under-utilized and under-exploited plants, new crops, pseudo-cereals, important taxa in agro-forestry, horticulture and floriculture, processing and use of crop residues

Unit 8: Information Management in Plant Genetic Resources

Statistical techniques in management of germplasm, developing core collection, estimation of sample

size during plant explorations, impact of sampling on population structure, Sequential sampling for

viability estimation, introduction of binomial, normal and negative cumulative normal, use of Probit

scales, viability equations and nomograms, estimation of sample size for storage and viability testing,Germplasm documentation; basics of computer and operating systems, database management system, use of statistical softwares, pictorial and graphical representation of data; Introduction to communication network.

Unit 9: Plant Taxonomy

Classical and modern species concepts, differentiation and evolution of species and biosystematics -

variation within species, population genetics, phenotypic plasticity, environmental effects on populations,

Modern evidences for Morphology and Anatomy, Embryology and Palynology; Biogeography and

Cytotaxonomy; Modern evidences for Comparative studies on phytochemistry, Chemotaxonomy;

Molecular taxonomy methods; Numerical methods in taxonomy; Biosystematic approaches in plant

taxonomy- some Indian case studies, Taxonomy of cultivated plants: Taxonomy of cultivated plants with

particular emphasis on Indian groups: Hybrids, domesticated species, wild-cultivated continuum; Tools

of taxonomy for identification of plant species and variation patterns therein; Field and herbarium

methods; Floristic and monographic works; Systematic and evolutionary studies, Taxonomic databases:

Taxonomic databases and documentation methods.

Unit 10: Plant Biosecurity

History and Concept of biosecurity, Components of biosecurity, Quarantine, Invasive Alien Species,

Biowarfare, Emerging resurgence of pests and diseases, National Regulatory Mechanism and

International Agreements/Conventions viz. Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary

(SPS), Measures/ World Trade Organization (WTO), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),

International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, pest risk analysis, risk assessment models, pest

information system, early warning and forecasting system, use of Global Positioning System (GPS) and

Geographic Information System (GIS) for plant biosecurity, pest/ disease and epidemic management,

strategies for combating risks and costs associated with agro-terrorism event, mitigation planning,

integrated approach for biosecurity, Biosafety, policies and regulatory mechanism, Cartagena Protocol

on Biosafety and its implications, Issues related to release of genetically modified crops.

Unit 11: Fundamentals of Molecular Biology for PGR Management

Structure and function of DNA, genome organization, Tools for genetic manipulation, Introduction to

molecular markers, classification and comparison of markers, basis for DNA polymorphism and

principles of generating molecular markers, - RFLP, PCR, sequencing; Principles, merits and demerits

of RAPD, ISSR, SSR, SCAR, SCOT, SRAP, AFLP, SNPs markers; data handling and statistical analysis,

Overview of molecular marker applications, Introduction to transgenics, monitoring strategies and

methods for detecting transgenics.