**Papaya:**
- Papaya is a tropical fruit crop that can be grown in a wide range of soils and climatic conditions.
- The recommended varieties of papaya for cultivation in India are Pusa Nanha, Pusa Majesty, Pusa Delicious, Coorg Honey Dew, Co-1, Co-2, Co-3, Co-4, Co-5, Co-6, Co-7, Surya, Red Lady, etc.
- Papaya is propagated by seeds, which are extracted from fully ripe fruits and treated with 0.2% mercuric chloride solution for 5 minutes to prevent fungal diseases.
- Papaya plants are planted at a spacing of 1.8 x 1.8 m or 2 x 2 m in pits of 60 x 60 x 60 cm size, filled with a mixture of topsoil, farmyard manure and neem cake.
- Papaya requires regular irrigation, especially during summer and dry periods. Drip irrigation is the most efficient method of water application for papaya.
- Papaya is fertilized with 250 g of nitrogen, 125 g of phosphorus and 250 g of potassium per plant per year, applied in four equal splits at quarterly intervals.
- Papaya is prone to several pests and diseases, such as papaya ring spot virus, papaya mosaic virus, anthracnose, powdery mildew, fruit fly, mealy bug, etc. Integrated pest and disease management practices, such as use of resistant varieties, roguing, sanitation, pruning, spraying, trapping, etc. are recommended for papaya.
- Papaya fruits are harvested when they attain one-fourth to one-third yellow colour on the surface. The fruits are graded according to size and quality and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes for marketing.
**Grape:**
- Grape is a sub-tropical fruit crop that can be grown in a variety of soils, but well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soils with pH 6.5 to 8.0 are ideal.
- The major varieties of grape grown in India are Thompson Seedless, Anab-e-Shahi, Bangalore Blue, Sharad Seedless, Flame Seedless, Perlette, Beauty Seedless, etc.³⁴
- Grape is propagated by hardwood cuttings, which are prepared from one-year-old canes and treated with rooting hormones, such as IBA or NAA³.
- Grape plants are planted at a spacing of 3 x 2 m or 3 x 3 m in pits of 60 x 60 x 60 cm size, filled with a mixture of topsoil, farmyard manure and superphosphate³.
- Grape requires frequent and light irrigation, especially during the initial stages of growth and development. Drip irrigation is the most suitable method of water application for grape³.
- Grape is fertilized with 500 g of nitrogen, 250 g of phosphorus and 750 g of potassium per plant per year, applied in three to four splits at different stages of growth³.
- Grape is susceptible to several pests and diseases, such as downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose, botrytis rot, leaf hopper, thrips, mealy bug, etc. Integrated pest and disease management practices, such as use of resistant varieties, pruning, training, canopy management, spraying, etc. are recommended for grape³⁴.
- Grape fruits are harvested when they attain the desired size, colour and sugar content. The fruits are graded according to quality standards and packed in plastic crates or cardboard boxes for marketing³.
**Litchi:**
- Litchi is a subtropical fruit crop that can be grown in a range of soils, but well-drained loamy soils with pH 5.0 to 7.5 are preferred.
- The important varieties of litchi grown in India are Dehradun, Shahi, China, Rose Scented, Calcuttia, Early Large Red, etc.
- Litchi is propagated by air layering, which is done on one-year-old shoots during June-July.
- Litchi plants are planted at a spacing of 10 x 10 m or 12 x 12 m in pits of 1 x 1 x 1 m size, filled with a mixture of topsoil, farmyard manure and bone meal.
- Litchi requires adequate irrigation, especially during flowering and fruit development. Sprinkler or drip irrigation is recommended for litchi.
- Litchi is fertilized with 500 g of nitrogen, 250 g of phosphorus and 500 g of potassium per plant per year, applied in two splits, one after harvesting and another before flowering.
- Litchi is affected by several pests and diseases, such as litchi mite, litchi bug, fruit borer, bark eating caterpillar, anthracnose, leaf blight, fruit rot, etc. Integrated pest and disease management practices, such as use of resistant varieties, pruning, sanitation, spraying, etc. are recommended for litchi .
- Litchi fruits are harvested when they attain full size, colour and flavour. The fruits are graded according to size and quality and packed in bamboo baskets or plastic crates for marketing.
**Sapota:**
- Sapota is a tropical fruit crop that can be grown in a wide range of soils, but well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soils with pH 6.0 to 8.0 are suitable.
- The popular varieties of sapota grown in India are Cricket Ball, Kalipatti, Pala, Kirtibarti, Dwarapudi, PKM-1, PKM-2, PKM-3, etc.
- Sapota is propagated by patch budding or shield budding, which are done on seedlings raised from seeds of superior varieties.
- Sapota plants are planted at a spacing of 8 x 8 m or 10 x 10 m in pits of 1 x 1 x 1 m size, filled with a mixture of topsoil, farmyard manure and neem cake.
- Sapota requires moderate irrigation, especially during summer and dry periods. Basin or drip irrigation is advisable for sapota.
- Sapota is fertilized with 500 g of nitrogen, 250 g of phosphorus and 500 g of potassium per plant per year, applied in two splits, one before flowering and another after harvesting.
- Sapota is attacked by several pests and diseases, such as leaf webber, leaf miner, stem borer, fruit fly, scab, anthracnose, die back, etc. Integrated pest and disease management practices, such as use of resistant varieties, pruning, sanitation, spraying, etc. are recommended for sapota .
- Sapota fruits are harvested when they show signs of maturity, such as change in colour, softening of flesh and detachment from the pedicel. The fruits are graded according to size and quality and packed in wooden boxes or plastic crates for marketing.
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